Memory, Motherboard and CPU[]
PCB: Printed Circuit Board
ATX: Advanced Technologies Extended
ITX: Small form factor mother board
System board component[]
- Chipset
- Expansion slots & buses
- Memory slot and external cache
- CPU & Socket
- Power connector
- On-board disk connector
- Keyboard connector
- Integrated peripheral port & headers
- BIOS / firmware
- CMOS batterie
- Front panel connector
BUS: Parallel computer system component
Northbridge: Hight speed peripheral, FSB, Video card, PCIe, processor to ram.
FSB: Front side bus
STD motherboard chipset shematic
Southbridge: All slower on-board peripheral
-Audio, PCI, USB, LAN, SATA
PCI: 32 bits, 3-inch-long, 33/66 MHz, 133/266 MBps
PCI-x: 64 bits, 66/133/266/533 MHZ 4.3/2.1 GBps
PCIe: Not shared with another PCI. Star topology. 8Gbps. 22 PIN, 1X to 32X
DIMM: Dual Inline Memory Module, 168/184/240 pins
SODIMM: Laptop memory. Small outline dual inline memory module, 200/204/144/72/100pin
Pagefile.sys: Swap file on hard drive, optimised to deliver information to RAM, Virtual Memory.
Power connector: 20 pin on a motherboard
Firmware: Name of a software that is encoded in a hardware (ROM) chip.
BIOS: Basic Input Output System
POST: Power on self test
CMOS & Battery :
-Date -Boot sequence -Time
-Power management -HD configuration -Virtualisation support
-Memory -Security -CPU setting
Front & top connector:
-Power button -Drive activity light -Power light
-Audio Jack -Reset button -USB ports
DIP: Dual Inline package
PGA: Pin Grid Array
Hyperthreading: Simultaneous multithreading
MSINFO32.exe : Info about CPU & system
Memory term:[]
- -Parity
checking & memory bank
- -Rudimentary
error checking
- -Detection
of other memory module
- -Error
checking & correction : ECC
- -Single
sided memory & double sided memory
- -Single,
dual & triple channel memory
- -Solve
bottleneck between RAM & CPU
- -Buffered
& Unbuffered memory
- -Registered
or unregistered
- =RDIMM or
UDIM
Cooling tech:[]
- -Heat
pipe
- -Peltier
cooling system
- -Phase
cooling device
- -Liquid
helium/nitrogen
- -Undervolting
Types of memory[]
- DRAM:
Dynamic Random Memory
- SDRAM
(Synchronous DRAM)
- SDR
SDRAM (Single data rate SDRAM)
- 184pin -DDR SDRAM (Double data rate SDRAM)
- 240pin -DDR2 SDRAM (Double data rate V2 SDRAM)
- 240pin -DDR3 SDRAM (Double data rate V3 SDRAM)
- SRAM
(static random access memory)
- ROM
(Read Only Memory)
Storage devices & Power supply[]
Controller: Controller chip that control how HD operate.
HBA: Host to host bus adapter : Converting signal from the controller to the computer.
Anatomy of Hard Drive
C/H/S: Cylinder/head/Sector
Cylinder X Head = Tracks
Tracks X Sector per track = Total Sector
HDD speed: 5400/7200/10 000/12 000
SSD: Solid state drive
Hybrid drive: Dual (HD + SSD) often used data is transferred to the ssd part for faster access.
Solid Stade hybrid drive: HDD with NAND chip on board
SRT: Smart response technology: Use caching for popular data on the faster drive in a dual drive scenario.
Optical disk:[]
-SS = Single side -DS = Dual side
-SL = Single layer -DL = Dual layer
- CD 650/700/800/900
MB
- DVD +/-R/RW SS,SL 4.7GB
- DVD -R/+R SS,SL 8.55GB
- BD -R/RE SS,SL 25GB
- BD -R/RE SS,DL 50GB
- BD -R/RE DS,DL 100GB
Optical drive data rate[]
CD-ROM 1X = 150 KBps
2X = 300 KBps
8X = 1.2 MBps
(Multiplier by data buffering)
16X/32X/52X
DVD 1X = 1.4 MBps
16X max speed
BD 1X = 4.5 MBps (30X the speed of cd 1X)
2X needed for commercial video playback
DVD ROM : Data encoded is unchangeable
DVD -R/+R: Write once
DVD -RW/+RW: Multiplies use
IDE PATA: Legacy
SATA 1 : 1.5 Gbps sata 150
SATA 2 : 3 Gbps sata 300
SATA 3 : 6 Gbps sata 600
RAID: Redundant Array of independent disk[]
- Raid
0 : Disk stripping
- Raid
1 : Disk Mirroring
- Raid
5 : Redundancy with parity + speed
- Raid
6 : Like 5 but it can loose 2 disk
- Raid
10: 1+0 OR 0+1 (Minimum 4 disk, 50% loss for redundancy)
Sequential tape format[]
- QID Quarter inch cartridge 200Kb to 1GB
- DLT Digital line tape Up to 800 GB
- Data8/exabyte Eight millimetre Up to 60 GB
- DAT/DSS Digital audio tape Up to 300 GB
- LTO Linear Tape-Open up to 2.5 TB
Memory card format[]
- SD Secure Digital 32X24 mm
- MiniSD 21.5X20
mm
- MicroSD 15X11
mm
- CF Compact Flash 36X43 mm
- XD-Picture
card 20X25 mm
AT power connector = Depreciated
MOLEX: Standard peripheral power connector
ATX power connector: Single 20 pin connector
ATX 12v: Needed for PCIe 4/6/8 pin
EPS12v
Peripheral & Expansion[]
I/O : -USB card
-Firewire IEEE 1394
-Thunderbolt
-eSATA
Soundcard: 1/8 Jack, Legacy MIDI port & DA15
Video card: AGP, PCIe
Network Card: Fiber / RJ45 / BNC (Legacy coax)
Modem card: RJ11
Riser Card: -NLX (New Low Profile Extended)
-AMR LNR : Multifunction card
Connector types:
-D-sub D (x) = number of pin
EX: DB15
-RJ series
-RJ11 telephone port
-RJ45 Ethernet
-USB: 127 device max per/port
-1.0 = 12Mbps
-2.0 = 480Mbps
-3.0 = 5Gbps
-Support boosting/streaming/shielding/dual simplex/host control.
-IEEE 1394 Firewire
-Isochronous mode (Sync clock) 400 to 3200 Mbps
-Closer saturation (Can use full speed)
-45 watts, 30v, 1.5 amp
-Work like a network
-4.5 m (Cable length) / 100 m (fiber)
-63 devices per port
-Infrared
-16 Mbps
-Irda std
-Line of sight
-Less than 4 m range
-Audio / video jack
-RCA
-Toslink
-S/PDIF
-1/8’’ 3.5 mm
-Orange : Center / Subwoofer
-Green : Speaker
-Blue : Line-in
-Pink : Microphone
-Gray : Side L&R
-Black : Rear L&R
-Esata
Video display cables & connectors
-DVI: Digital Video Interface
-DVI-I : Digital & Analog
-Single link WUXGA 1920X1080
-Dual link WQXGA 2048X1536
DVI-D: Digital only
-Single link WUXGA 1920X1080
-Dual link WQXGA 2048X1536
DVI-A: Analog
Single & dual link used for resolution
-HDMI: Use dual link + audio + higher frame rate
-1.3: HD-DVD & Blue Ray
-1.4: CEC (remote control data) + Ethernet + anti vibration lock type E
-120 hz at 1080p
-3D & 4K at 30hz
-2.0
-4K 60 hz
-21:9 format
-32 channel audio
-2020 color space
-2.0a: HDR = Hight Dynamic Range
-Component video
-1 uncompressed signal & 2 compressed
-COAX RGB color coded (BNC in broadcast quality)
-Luma = Y = Uncompressed signal (Colorless)
-Pb Pr
-Composite video : RCA ( Yellow jack)
-DisplayPort
-VESA : Video Electronics Association
-Lower voltage than HDMI
-33m cable max length
-20 pin
-MDP : Mini DisplayPort
-Thunderbolt
-4x PCIe 2.0 + DisplayPort
-3m cable / 60m optical
-20 Gbps
-18v 9.9w
-DAISY chain via hub up to 6 level
Display devices
LCD: Liquid crystal display
-TN : Twisted Nematic
-Better for gamming
-Low angle of vision
-Less expensive
-Less color accurate
-React a lot to touch
-IPS
-Cost more
-Better colors
-Less reactive to touch
-Wide angle of vision
-Require more power
-More expensive
Pixel addressing
-Active matrix
-Transistor keep its charge
-Crisper image
-Larger viewing angle
-Need more power
-Passive matrix
-Low angle of vision and response time
-Muddy look
-Dual scan
-Variation of passive matrix
-Screen split in half for dual scan
Backlight source
-Fluorescent bulb
-OLED
-Plasma display
-Don’t work well in altitude
-600 hz refresh rate
-Soap opera effect
-Better for sport and high motion
-OLED Display
-High contrast ratio
-No backlight
-AMOLED or PMOLED (for passive)
-Less power than LCD exept when full white
-Thinner than LCD
-SAMOLED
-Touchscreen capability
-SAMOLED+
-1.5X more subpixel
-Projection system
-Ceiling / table mounted
-Rear projection
Brightness
-3d need 2X lumen
-Widescreen need 2X lumen
Low light environment
-1300 home / 2500 office
Medium light environment
-1500 to 3500 home / 3000 to 4500 office
STD light environment
-4000 to 4500 home / 5000 to 6000 office
-HID: Hight density lamp
-WARNING the lamp need cooling down, do not unplug the device to turn if off.
Adjusting display setting
-Refresh rate = NB of rescan per second
-Frame rate = NB of different image per second
-Resolution
-LCD have native resolution
Multiple Display
-Need the same driver if multiple adapter
-WDDM ( Windows )
-Enhanced graphic
-Virtual video memory
-Pre-emptive task scheduling
-Sharing of direct 3D
=== Advanced Video Resolution Concept ===
- SVGA 800X600 16 color
- XGA 800X600 64k color /
1024X768 256 color
- WXGA 1280X800
- SXGA 1280X1024
- WSXGA 1680X1050
- UHD 3840X2160
- WHUXGA 7680X4800
Custom configuration
Standard Thick client
-Standard configuration on witch custom configuration are build
-For standard user
Graphic & CAD / CAM Design workstation
-CPU enhancement : Up to 12-16 cores
-Video enhancement
-Maximized RAM
Audio/Video editing workstation
-Video enhancement: CUDA \ OPEN GL
-Specialised audio : Midi / digital
-Specialised Hard drive 7K + RPM SATA 6Gbps
Virtualisation workstation
-CPU enhancement : Multicore
-Maximised RAM
Gaming PC
-CPU
-Audio
-Video
-Cooling system
Home theater PC
-Video
-Audio
-Specialised chassis
-TV tuner (optional)
Home server PC
-Media streaming capacity
-File sharing
-Print sharing
-Gigabit NIC
-RAID array
Networking Fundamental[]
For 2 computer to be able to communicate the NIC must agree upon:
- -The maximum size of the data
frame
- -The amount of data sent before
confirmation
- -Time between transmission
- -Time to wait before sending
information
- -Speed a witch data transmit
RG-8 Thichnet 10base5 solid copper
-Vampire tap
RG-58 A\U Thinnet 10base2 Stranded copper
-BNC
-F-Connector
STP: Sheilded twisted pair
UTP: Unsheilded twisted pair 100m
568A: Standard
-Computer to hub or switch
568B: Crossover
-Hub to hub
-Switch to switch
-Computer to router
SMF: Single mode fiber
MMF: Multimode fiber